Research Article - (2017) Volume 5, Issue 3
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1*, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu2, Udunma Olive Chijioke3 and Igris B Ofor4
1Department of Health Services, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
2Department of Nursing Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
3Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria
4Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author:
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu
Department of Health Services
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture
Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
Tel: +2348037369912
E-mail: emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com
Received Date: August 30, 2017; Accepted Date: September 20, 2017; Published Date: September 28, 2017
Citation: Obeagu EF, Obeagu GU, Chijioke UO, Ofor IB (2017) Analysis of Alterations in Selected Haematological Parameters of Ascariasis Patients in Umudike, Abia Stae, Nigeria. Ann Clin Lab Res Vol.5:No.3:193. DOI: 10.21767/2386-5180.1000193
Ascaris lumbricoides is the causative organism that causes ascariasis. Ascariasis is an intestinal infection that is becoming common in this part of the World due to poor sanitation. It is causing a lot of harm to our people who treat other things which may not be the real cause of their disease. The study was done to determine the alterations in haematological parameters. The study was done in a secondary health institution in Umudike. A total of sixty five (65) subjects were recruited for the study, thirty (30) subjects were ascariasis patients (Test) and thirty five (35) subjects were apparently healthy individuals (control). Venous EDTA anticoagulated blood was used for the haematological assays. The results were analysed with student t-test and significance level set at P<0.05. The results showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in haemoglobin, PCV, RBC, WBC and neutrophil of the ascariasis subjects compared to the control and significant increase (P<0.05) in lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil. This shows that ascariasis infection leads to anaemia and leukopaenia. The immunity of the patients is challenged. Cytokines are secreted leading to inflammatory reaction and hypersentivity reactions. Proper treatment should be given to the affected patients immediately and should eat blood building foods such as vegetables.
Keywords
Alterations; Haematological parameters; Ascariasis; Umudike
Introduction
Parasitic infections as reported by Orji et al. [1] are responsible for some of the most frequent disease conditions in tropical and sub-tropical communities. Infection caused by intestinal parasites is a public health hazard in Nigeria [2]. The term gastrointestinal parasites refer to the parasites that infect man, whose adult or trophozoite stage inhabit the intestines of man. Their ova, larva, and cysts are frequently found in human faeces. These exist almost in every species of animals and can sometimes be free-living in the form of infective eggs or larvae which are found in the soil where there are moist conditions. Gastrointestinal parasitic infections are among the most common infections worldwide [3]. These infections vary from place to place in relation to the pattern of transmission of the disease [4]. Ascariasis is a cosmopolitan intestinal parasitosis estimated to affect approximately 1.4 billion people worldwide [5]. Poor socio-economic environment is the major prevalent factor among those affected. Haematological parameter such as haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PVC), White blood cell counts (WBC) and red blood cells are very vital in the diagnosis of diseases [6].
Uzoaru [7] opined that blood parameters help in the assessment of the health status of the individual to detect disease and also to evaluate the patient’s prognosis to treatment [7]. It has been reported that mean haemoglobin level was affected by high parasitic burden.
Aim
To determine alterations in haematological parameters of ascariasis patient in Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods
Study area
The study was done in Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
Subjects
A total of 65 subjects were recruited for the study, 35 subjects were diagnosed with ascariasis attending Health Services of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria and 30 subjects were apparently healthy individuals (control).
Ethical consideration
Informed consents were obtained from the subjects before the samples were collected.
Statistical analysis
The results were presented in Table 1 as mean and standard deviation and analysed using student t-test and level of significance set at P<0.05.
| Parameters | Ascariasis subjects | Control | Significance level |
|---|---|---|---|
| Haemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.3 ± 0.5 | 15.0 ± 0.9 | P<0.05 |
| PCV (%) | 37.0 ± 6.0 | 45.0 ± 4.2 | P<0.05 |
| RBC (× 1012/L) | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 5.0 ± 0.4 | P<0.05 |
| WBC (× 109/L) | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 6.2 ± 0.2 | P<0.05 |
| Neutrophil (× 109/L) | 61.5 ± 4.0 | 68.2 ± 8.0 | P<0.05 |
| Lymphocyte (× 109/L) | 32.5 ± 7.2 | 30.8 ± 4.8 | P<0.05 |
| Monocyte (× 109/L) | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | P<0.05 |
| Eosinophil (× 109/L) | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | P<0.0 |
Table 1: Showing haematological parameters of the subjects.
Parasitological examination and data analysis
Stool samples collected were stored in air-tight container and taken to Diagnostic Laboratory Unit, Health Services Department of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. It was analyzed in the laboratory by the concentration techniques as described by [8]. In each case, 2 gm of faecal sample was respectively emulsified in formo-aline and 10% formalin. Parasite seen was identified using ×10 and ×40 objective respectively.
Results
The results showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in haemoglobin, PCV, RBC, WBC, neutrophil of the ascariasis subjects (12.3 ± 0.5 g/dl, 37.0 ± 6.0%, 4.1 ± 0.2 × 1012/L, 5.2 ± 0.3 × 109/L, 68.2 ± 8.0%) and significant increase (P<0.05) in lymphocyte, monocytes and eosinophil of the ascariasis subjects (32.5% ± 7.2%, 3.0% ± 0.2%, 3.0% ± 0.1%) compared to control subjects (30.8% ± 4.8%, 1.0% ± 0.1%, 0%).
Discussion
The results showed suppression in red cell line, WBC and neutrophil and elevated lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil. This show that ascariasis causes anaemia in the patients and elicits hypersentivity reactions and eosinophil is increased which will lead to increased immunoglobin E (IgE). This condition may have a suppressive effect on the bone marrow of the infected patients as seen in the results. The relationship between parasitic infections and allergies has been reported by some other researchers [9-12].
Clinical symptoms of ascariasis may mimic the symptoms of allergic disease and some authors suggest the participation of intestinal parasites in immunomodulation [11]. IgE antibody is an important component of the immune resistance to helminth infections. It is assumed that parasitic infections with a high total IgE may protect against allergens, by blocking mast cell response to an allergen, which is explained by a lower percentage of positive skin prick tests in people with infection [13]. Thus, the parasites can protect against allergies, especially among chronically infected patients by increasing the secretion of regulatory immunoreactive cytokines [14].
Blood cells and their values are important indicators of disease conditions in individuals. A decrease or increase in their values gives an insight to the health condition of a person [6]. This is similar to the findings of Ameh et al. [15] who stated from his observation that haematocrit result showed low PCV in more of the infected than non-infected people. The haeamotological parameters of ascariasis patient should monitored to avoid anaemia which lead to increased morbidity and mortality rate. The clinical symptoms should guide the medical laboratory scientist in the diagnosis.
Conclusion
Ascaris lumbricoides infection is shown to cause decrease in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cell, total white cell and elevated lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinphil. The condition exposes the patient to anaemia and increased morbidity and mortality rate. It also proved that there will be increased cytokines that will be released by the increased lymphocytes and monocytes which will lead to inflammation and enhance the pathogenesis of the infection. The physicians should take cognizance of this when treating the patients infected with Ascaris lumbricoides. There will be allergy due to increased eosinophils by elevating immunoglobin E (IgE). Clinical history of the patients should be properly taken and accurate examination of stool samples of the patients done in the laboratory when ascariasis is suspected and the haematological parameters monitored.
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