Brief History of Staphylococcus aureus and Diagnosis, Treatment

Received: 03-Nov-2022, Manuscript No. ipacm-22-13200; Editor assigned: 07-Nov-2022, Pre QC No. ipacm-22-13200 (PQ); Reviewed: 16-Nov-2022, QC No. ipacm-22-13200; Revised: 25-Nov-2022, Manuscript No. ipacm-22-13200 (R) ; Published: 30-Nov-2022, DOI: 10.36648/1989- 8436X.22.13.11.212

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that causes a wide variety of clinical diseases. Infections caused by this pathogen are common both in community-acquired and hospital-acquired settings. MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus). S. aureus does not normally cause infection on healthy skin; however, if it is allowed to enter the internal tissues or bloodstream, these bacteria may cause a variety of potentially serious infections.

1. Describe the workup of a patient with staphylococcus infection.

2. Outline the importance of improving care coordination among the interprofessional team members to educate patients about hand hygiene to prevent transmission of infection to others.

3. Summarize the treatment options for staphylococcus infections.

4. Review the pathophysiology of S aureus infections. This activity describes the evaluation and treatment of Staphylococcus infections and reviews the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with these diseases.

This activity describes the evaluation and treatment of Staphylococcus infections and reviews the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with these diseases.

Keywords: Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; S. aureus; Antibiotic resistance

INTRODUCTION

History and physical will vary greatly depending on the type of infection; however, an accurate history and physical is often required for diagnosis and treatment [1].

Staphylococcus aureus is Gram-positive bacteria (stain purple by Gram stain) that are cocci-shaped and tend to be arranged in clusters that are described as “grape-like.” On media, these organisms can grow in up to 10% salt, and colonies are often golden or yellow (aureus means golden or yellow). Staphylococcus aureus (including drug-resistant strains such as MRSA) are found on the skin and mucous membranes, and humans are the major reservoir for these organisms [2].

S. aureus is found in the environment and is also found in normal human flora, located on the skin and mucous membranes (most often the nasal area) of most healthy individuals. S. aureus does not normally cause infection on healthy skin; however, if it is allowed to enter the bloodstream or internal tissues, these bacteria may cause a variety of potentially serious infections [3, 4].

Methods

This study was conducted on 236 S. aureus isolates. All isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by using a standard microbroth dilution method [6]. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to identify genes encoding the β-lactams resistance (blaZ, mecA), macrolides (Erma, ermB, ermC) and aminoglycosides (aacA-aphD). The molecular structures and genomic relatedness of MRSA isolates were determined by staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), respectively [7].

Diagnosis of S. aureus

Presence of S. aureus in culture is normally insignificant since this bacteria is normally present on the skin, nose and pharynx of many humans and animals. The organism is readily cultured from nasopharynx or skin, or by culture of suspicious lesions [8].

On culture the bacterial colonies a characteristic glistening, opaque, yellow to white appearance on blood agar.

1. Impetigo

2. Bacteraemia

3. Chemical Burns

4. Pediatric Bacterial Endocarditis

5. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

6. Kawasaki Disease

7. Leptospirosis

8. Parvovirus B19 Infection

9. IBS

10. Pediatric Osteomyelitis

11. Pediatric Serum Sickness

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus

Treatment of S. aureus infections depends largely on the type of infection as well as the presence or absence of drug resistant strains. When antimicrobial therapy is needed, the duration and mode of therapy are largely dependent on the infection type as well as other factors. Prevention of S. aureus infections remains challenging. Despite many efforts, a routine vaccination for S. aureus infections has remained elusive [9]. As a result, efforts have relied on infection control methods such as hospital decontamination procedures, handwashing techniques, and MRSA transmission prevention guidelines. Topical antimicrobials such as mupirocin can be used to eliminate nasal colonization in some nasal carriers [10]. However, usage is controversial.

Conclusion

In conclusion, S. aureus bacteremia represents a serious infection, associated with significant both early and late mortality. Methicillin resistance is associated mostly to nosocomial and health-care associated infections and may be a risk factor for mortality in patients with SAB. First, its retrospective, observational nature can limit the considerations on patient treatments. Second, we considered overall mortality rather than SAB-related mortality. We tried to overcome this bias using two timepoints for mortality, assuming that early mortality could have been more likely associated with SAB. Third, while not specific criteria for requesting an ID consultation have been established and followed, this option could be more likely requested in patients with more severe infections. Clinicians should be aware of the severity of patients with S. aureus bacteremia, and infectious disease consultation should be always considered to improve patients’ outcomes.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is considered a common zoonotic pathogen, causing severe infections. The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance genes and molecular epidemiology among MRSA and methicillinsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolated from food animals in Sichuan Province, China. The S. aureus isolates from food animals in Sichuan province of China have severe antimicrobials resistance with various resistance genes, especially MRSA isolates. Additionally, the genetic pool of MRSA isolates is diverse and complex, and further investigation is necessary.

The global threat of a VRSA epidemic is a public health problem that is currently quiet but perhaps brewing. Unlike S. aureus resistance to other antibiotic classes, there has been a prolonged interval between vancomycin use and VRSA development and disease has occurred in selected patients with co-morbidities, prolonged vancomycin use and co-infection with VRE. There are limited choices of available drugs effective against VRSA; several promising therapeutic options are in research or development phases. Assessment of the actual effectiveness of these antimicrobials would need full-scale use during an epidemic, an event of global catastrophic proportions that we all hope will not occur.