Flyer

Journal of Neurology and Neuroscience

  • ISSN: 2171-6625
  • Journal h-index: 18
  • Journal CiteScore: 4.35
  • Journal Impact Factor: 3.75
  • Average acceptance to publication time (5-7 days)
  • Average article processing time (30-45 days) Less than 5 volumes 30 days
    8 - 9 volumes 40 days
    10 and more volumes 45 days
Awards Nomination 20+ Million Readerbase
Indexed In
  • Open J Gate
  • Genamics JournalSeek
  • The Global Impact Factor (GIF)
  • China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI)
  • Directory of Research Journal Indexing (DRJI)
  • OCLC- WorldCat
  • Proquest Summons
  • Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF)
  • Euro Pub
  • Google Scholar
  • Secret Search Engine Labs
Share This Page

Research Article - (2018) Volume 9, Issue 3

Clinical Efficacy of Istradefylline for Depression in Parkinson’s Disease

Hisashi Ito1*, Shigeru Fukutake1, Sanae Odake1,2, Junya Kawada3, Suketaka Iwanaga4 and Tetsumasa Kamei1

1Department of Neurology, Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital, Fujisawa, Japan

2Department of Internal Medicine, Sodegaura Satsuki-Dai Hospital, Sodegaura, Japan

3Department of Neurology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Japan

4Department Public Health and International Health, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

*Corresponding Author:

Hisashi Ito
Department of Neurology
Shonan Fujisawa Tokushukai Hospital
251-0041, Fujisawa, Japan
Tel: +81-466-35-1177
Fax: +81-466-35-1300
E-mail: hisashi.ito@tokushukai.jp

Received date: May 29, 2018; Accepted date: June 14, 2018; Published date: June 18, 2018

Citation: Ito H, Fukutake S, Kamei T, Odake S, Kawada J, et al. (2018) Clinical Efficacy of Istradefylline for Depression in Parkinson’s Disease. J Neurol Neurosci Vol.9 No.3:261. doi: 10.21767/2171-6625.1000261

Visit for more related articles at Journal of Neurology and Neuroscience

Abstract

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common movement disorder with a wide range of non-motor symptoms. Depression is one of these symptoms; however, its pathomechanism and management remains to be elucidated. We evaluated of istradefylline (ISD), a first selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, for the treatment of depression in PD.

Method: This was an open-labeled, prospective study that enrolled 15 PD patients (Men 8, Women 7) with motor fluctuations who fully filled UK PD society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria. We added ISD 20 mg/day for 4 weeks followed with 40 mg/day for next 4 weeks on the preceding anti-parkinsonian medications. We evaluated Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III (on state) at baseline and 8 weeks follow-up.

Results: 14 patients completed the evaluations. PHQ-9 scores improved in 5 patients (responder). PHQ-9 scores of responders at baseline were higher than those of nonresponders; however, there was no significant difference. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in UPDRS part III, age, onset, duration, daily levodopa dose, and levodopa equivalent dose at baseline among both groups. UPDRS part III scores improved in both groups; however, there was also no significant difference between them.

Conclusion: ISD could have efficacy to depression in some PD patients.

Keywords

Parkinson’s disease; Non-motor symptoms; Depression; Istradefylline; Adenosine A2A antagonist

Introduction

A selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, istradefylline (ISD), is the one of novel drugs for Parkinson’s disease (PD). The clinical efficacy of ISD for motor fluctuations in advanced PD patients was proved [1-5]; however, its efficacy for nonmotor features in PD has not been elucidated well. We conducted an open-labeled, prospective clinical study to evaluate efficacy of ISD for depression in PD patients.

Patients and Methods

We enrolled 15 patients (Men 8, Women 7; aged 60 - 79 years; Table 1) with idiopathic PD with motor fluctuations. All the patients fully filled UK PD society brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria [6]. We enrolled patients who had been stable (no drug adjustments needed) on anti-parkinsonian drugs for 4 weeks prior to study. We added ISD 20 mg/day for 4 weeks followed with 40 mg/day for next 4 weeks on the previous anti-parkinsonian drugs. We evaluated Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [7] and Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III scores (on state) [8] at baseline and 8 weeks follow-up. PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represented mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. The results were presented as mean values ± standard deviation (SD). Wilcoxon t-test and Mann-Whitney Utest were used to compare the clinical values. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. We excluded patients with dementia or major depression.

No. Age (y.o.) Sex Sep (y.o.) ml PHQ-9 UPDRS part III
(on state)
L-dopa (mg) LED (mg)
1 70 M 53 214 9 14 400 712
2 79 M 71 103 14 18 500 690
3 76 F 73 31 10 17 150 150
4 68 F 63 56 9 10 500 734
5 78 M 70 99 6 18 600 1049
6 72 M 57 184 11 35 400 774
7 76 F 62 164 4 19 450 600
8 62 F 59 45 9 48 300 399
9 71 M 64 82 5 17 200 306
10 79 F 67 150 5 15 300 488
11 66 M 61 63 1 21 200 266
12 63 M 60 30 2 18 100 140
13 76 M 71 69 18 39 200 300
14 60 F 57 37 0 9 100 175
15 77 F 57 238 6 37 450 450

Table 1: Demography of patients (LED: Levodopa Equivalent Dose).

This study was approved by the Review Board of Tokushukai Medical Alliance and all the patients provided written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki before enrollment.

Results

14 patients completed the evaluations because one patient withdrew due to hallucination (No.12). No patient was administered any antidepressants from 4 weeks prior to study to the end-point. PHQ-9 scores showed no significant improvement totally (from 7.6 ± 4.8 to 7.8 ± 4.6, p=0.591); however, PHQ-9 scores improved in 5 of 14 patients (responder). Although there was no significant difference, the PHQ-9 scores of responders seemed higher than those of non-responders (10.2 ± 4.8, 6.2 ± 4.5, p=0.204). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in age, onset, duration of PD; UPDRS part III, daily levodopa dose, and levodopa equivalent dose (LED) [9] between responders and non-responders at baseline (Table 2). On the other hand, UPDRS part III scores improved significantly (from 22.6 ± 12.0 to 8.7 ± 6.9, p=0.002). UPDRS part III scores improved in both groups; however, there was no significant difference between them (-18.0 ± 12.7, -11.7 ± 8.5, p=0.439).

 Variables Responder Non-responder p-value
PHQ-9 10.2 ± 4.8 6.2 ± 4.5 0.204*
Age (y.o.) 70.6 ± 5.9 73.0 ± 6.6 0.337**
Onset (y.o.) 66.0 ± 5.8 61.7 ± 6.4 0.171**
Duration (month) 56.2 ± 20.6 132.9 ± 75.1 0.094**
UPDRS part III 26.2 ± 16.4 20.7 ± 9.4 0549*
L-dopa (mg) 270.0 ± 140.0 377.8 ± 154.3 0.279**
LED (mg) 377.8 ± 218.2 578.2 ± 268.2 0.229**

Table 2: Characteristics of responder and non-responder at baseline.

Discussion

PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder manifested by a broad spectrum of motor and non-motor features. Nonmotor symptoms include autonomic dysfunction, cognitive/ neurobehavioral disorders, sensory abnormalities, and sleep disorders [10]. Depression is one of the frequent non-motor symptoms in PD and could suffer under the influence of quality of life; however, the pathomechanism and management are discussed.

ISD is the first therapeutic agent targeting adenosine A2A receptors in the central nervous system, which was approved as the anti-parkinsonian agent in 2013. The efficacy on the reduction of daily off-time was shown in several randomized controlled, double blinded, multicenter trials [1-5]. In addition, the normalization of the striatal A2A receptor-upregulations and the effect to A2A receptors in nucleus accumbens were suggested to have relations with antidepressant-like effects of A2A receptor antagonist in rodent models [11-13].

ISD was reported to show prominent effects in some PD patients and younger or female patients without excessive daytime sleepiness were suggested as better candidates [14]. In this study, ISD was effective for subclinical, less than moderately severe depression in some PD patients. Moreover, the clinical efficacy of ISD for depression in PD seemed not to be influenced by the improvement of motor function.

This study included three limitations. The size of study was so small that it might have powered insufficiently to detect a statistical significance and lead to be falsely negative. And we could not rule out the placebo effects because this study was an open-labeled. Furthermore, we used only PHQ-9 to evaluate depression in this study. PHQ-9 is a useful screening scale depression; however, it has limitations in identifying depression [15]. In future, we need randomized-controlled study with more patients and longer follow-up periods, and with more than one scale for depression to elucidate the effect of ISD for depression in PD.

Conclusion

ISD could improve depression in some PD patients.

Sources of Financial Support

No funding received for this work.

Conflicts of Interest

There are no conflicts.

22904

References

  1. LeWitt PA, Guttman M, Tetrud JW, Tuite PJ, Mori A, et al. (2008) Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist istradefylline (KW-6002) reduces “off” time in Parkinson’s disease: A double-blind, randomized, multicenter clinical trial (6002-US-005). Ann Neurol 63: 295-302.
  2. Hauser RA, Shulman LM, Trugman JM, Roberts JW, Mori A, et al. (2008) Study of istradefylline in patients with Parkinson’s disease on levodopa with motor fluctuations. Mov Disord 23: 2177-2185.
  3. Mizuno Y, Hasegawa K, Kondo T, Kuno S, Yamamoto M (2010) Clinical efficacy of istradefylline (KW-6002) in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized, controlled study. Mov Disord 25: 1437-1443.
  4. Pourcher E, Fernandez HH, Stacy M, Mori A, Ballerini R, et al. (2012) Istradefylline for Parkinson’s disease patients experiencing motor fluctuations: Results of the KW-6002-US-018 Study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18: 178-184.
  5. Mizuno Y, Kondo T (2013) Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist istradefylline reduces daily off time in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 28: 1138-1141.
  6. Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, Lees AJ (1992) Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. A clinic-pathological study of 100 cases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 55: 181-184.
  7. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Löwe B (2010), The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 32: 345-359.
  8. Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR, Stebbins GT, Fahn S, et al.  (2008) Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord 23: 2129-2170.
  9. Tomlinson CL, Stowe R, Patel S, Rick C, Gray R, et al. (2010) Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 25: 2649-2653.
  10. Jankovic J (2008) Parkinson’s disease: Clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 79: 368-376.
  11. Font L, Mingote S, Farrar AM, Pereira M, Worden L, et al. (2008) Intra-accumbens injections of the adenosine A2A agonist CGS 21680 affect effort related choice behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology 199: 515-526.
  12. Mingote S, Font L, Farrar AM, Vontell R, Worden LT, et al.  (2008). Nucleus accumbency adenosine A2A receptors regulate exertion of effort by acting on the ventral striatopallidal pathway. The Journal of Neuroscience 28: 9037-9046.
  13. Yamada K, Kobayashi M, Shiozaki S, Ohta T, Mori A, et al.  (2014) Antidepressant activity of the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, istradefylline (KW-6002) on learned helplessness in rats. Psychopharmacol 231: 2839-2849.
  14. Yoritaka A, Hattori N (2017) Differences between istradefylline responders and non-responders in Parkinson’s disease. Advances in Parkinson’s Disease 6: 45-51.
  15. Eack SM, Greeno CG, Lee BJ (2006) Limitations of the patient health questionnaire in identifying anxiety and depression: Many cases are undetected. Res Soc Work Pract 16: 625-631.