Brief Report - (2022) Volume 14, Issue 1
Received: 28-Dec-2021, Manuscript No. ipaom-21-12424; Editor assigned: 05-Jan-2022, Pre QC No. P-12424; Reviewed: 17-Jan-2022, QC No. Q-12424; Revised: 22-Jan-2022, Manuscript No. R-12424; Published: 31-Jan-2022
Critical interventions, such as early defibrillation, successful chest compressions, and advanced life support, all play a role in the outcome of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In published studies of cardiac arrest, Utstein-style terminology and reporting templates have been widely employed, resulting in a better knowledge of the parts of resuscitation practise and progress toward international consensus on science and resuscitation recommendations. International registers have yet to be formed, despite the introduction of Utstein templates to standardise research reporting of cardiac arrest.
Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent malignancy and the fourth leading cause of death from cancer. The majority of CRC instances are found in Western countries, and the disease's prevalence is increasing year by year. Colorectal cancer is estimated to affect 4%-5% of people, and the chance of having the disease is linked to personal characteristics or habits such as age, chronic disease history, and lifestyle. The gut microbiota plays an important part in this, and dysbiosis can lead to colonic carcinogenesis via a chronic inflammatory mechanism. Fusobacterium spp., Bacteroides fragilis, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli are among the bacteria that cause this multiphase process. Mutations in oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, and genes involved in DNA repair pathways cause Colorectal Cancer (CRC).
Colon cancer is cancer that starts in the colon, while rectal cancer is cancer that starts in the rectum. Colorectal cancer refers to cancers that affect one or both of these organs. The majority of colorectal malignancies develop over time from adenomatous (precancerous) polyps, though this is not true in every case. After a series of mutations (abnormalities) in their cellular DNA, polyps (growths) might change. A family history of colon or rectal cancer, diet, alcohol consumption, smoking, and inflammatory bowel disease are all risk factors for colorectal cancer.
Colorectal carcinomas are classed as sporadic (70%), inherited (5%), or familial (1%), depending on the origin of the mutation (25 percent). There are three sorts of pathogenic processes that lead to this situation: Chromosomal Instability (CIN), Microsatellite Instability (MSI), and CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP). Common mutations, chromosomal changes, and translocations have been reported to affect important pathways (WNT, MAPK/PI3K, TGF-, TP53), and mutations; in particular, genes like c-MYC, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, PTEN, SMAD2, and SMAD4 can be used as predictive markers for patient outcome in these types of CRC. Changes in ncRNAs, such as lncRNA or miRNA, can also contribute to different stages of the carcinogenesis process and have predictive value when utilised as biomarkers, in addition to gene mutations.
What causes colorectal cancer and how does it progress?
To maintain the body healthy and working properly, all of the body's cells normally develop, divide, and die. This process can sometimes spiral out of hand. Even though cells are meant to die, they continue to grow and divide. Colorectal cancer can occur when the cells lining the colon and rectum proliferate uncontrollably.
Most colorectal malignancies start out as tiny precancerous polyps (adenomatous or serrated). These polyps often grow slowly and do not produce symptoms until they reach a considerable size or become malignant. This allows for diagnosis and excision of pre-cancerous polyps before they develop into malignant tumours.
Unfortunately, certain colorectal tumours may go undetected for long periods of time. Regular colorectal screenings (examinations) are critical for detecting issues early. A colonoscopy is the greatest screening test. Faecal occult blood tests, faecal DNA tests, flexible sigmoidoscopy, barium enema, and CT colonography are some of the other screening methods (virtual colonoscopy). The age at which such testing begins is determined by your risk factors, particularly if you have a family history of colon and rectal cancers [1-5].
What is the procedure for detecting colorectal cancer?
A variety of tests can be used to diagnose colorectal cancer. This illness can be detected if you exhibit symptoms or if your caregiver notices something abnormal during a screening test. Your doctor may do the following tests as part of the diagnosing process:
• Tests on the blood
• Tests of imaging
• Biopsy
• Colonoscopy for diagnosis
• Proctoscopy
The authors declare no competing interests.
All authors declare that the material has not been published elsewhere, or has not been submitted to another publisher.
Authors declare that all related data are available concerning researchers by the corresponding author's email.
The authors wish to thank the nurses involved in the pilot project for their input and feedback. The authors wish to acknowledge the efforts of Dr. W. Stockman (1966- 2019) as the initiator of this project in AZ Delta.
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Citation: Dogan Z (2022) Colorectal Carcinoma: A General Overview. Arch Med Vol. 14 No.1:5
