Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Research

Keywords

Site-specific recombination; Active partition system; Toxin/anti-toxin system

Introduction

Dietary deficiencies of micronutrients are an important public health concern in developing countries. The level of adequate intake of micronutrients is of great importance for the wellbeing, proper development, and functioning of the body starting from the fetal life and throughout childhood. They have been implicated to play important roles in immunophysiologic functions [1]. Micronutrient deficiencies can affect all age groups, but preschool children are mostly at risk, especially in the developing countries [2]. In accordance with preceding report, micronutrient deficiency accounts for approximately 7.3% of the global burden of disease [3]. Although several studies have reported the status of micronutrients among children, little information is available on micronutrients status of 24 to 60 months children [4]. The present study was, designed to evaluate level of micronutrients in Diyarbakir among 24 to 60 months children. Preschool children aged 24 to 60 months have been identified as the most nutritionally vulnerable group in this situation, foods would be difficult to meet the needs to a variety of micronutrients so that these populations would be at high risk suffered from nutritional deficiencies due to a low intake of animal source of foods, especially micronutrients such vitamin D and folic acid, vitamin B12 which would be most likely to be deficient in children [5,6]. There are some evidences that these micronutrients have specific critical roles in children’s growth and brain nutrition [7,8]. 25(OH) D is the major circulating form of vitamin D, and its levels are the best available indicator of total body vitamin D status. Serum 25(OH) D levels reflect endogenously synthesized vitamin D and that obtained from the diet. Normal reference values depend on factors such as sunlight exposure, season, latitude, skin pigmentation, age, dietary vitamin D intake and the assay method used [9]. The primary objective of this survey was to assess the growth status, the prevalence of anemia and the other micronutrient deficiencies (vitamin D and vitamin B12 and folic acid) in the children aged from 24 to 60 months living in the south-east areas and to provide the basic evidence for making strategy on nutrition intervention for such areas.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted during October-November 2015 in Diyarbakir (52° East latitude). A population based short study was designed. This study was conducted in compliance with the regulation of patient rights and ethical rules. Local Ethics Committee approval was received accordance with the ethical standards of 2013 Declaration of Helsinki. A total of 116 children from Diyarbakr sample size consisted of healthy volunteers aged 24 to 60 months. These patients visited the hospitals for routine check-ups and were picked randomly from in and around Diyarbakr. All participants were of middle socioeconomic background. The exclusion criteria were: history of renal, haematologic, gastrointestinal or metabolic disease (leukaemia, polycythaemia, hypereosinophilia, cystic fibrosis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, cancer), gastrointestinal surgery, malnutrition, growth retardation, malabsorption, or prematurity; taking drugs containing vitamin B12; infants being formula-fed; usage of any anti-epileptic drug; history of parasitic infections; and emigrants of other races.

All children were sampled for evaluating vitamin D, vitamin B12 and folic acid status.

Anthropometric measurements; body weight and height measurements of the children were obtained carefully by the same experienced staff. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by the formula: BMI=kg/m2. The BMI measurements were calculated based on WHO growth for Turkish children [10].

Blood sampling and biochemical analyses; complete blood counts and serum vitamin B12, folic acid and vitamin D levels were measured in all children. All tests were performed in Diyarbakr Child’s Hospital of Clinical Laboratory using their standard protocols. A fasting blood sample (3 to 5 mL) was drawn from an antecubital vein puncture by local hospital staff. The blood specimens were analyzed. Hemoglobin concentration in whole blood was assayed using the Mindray BC 6800. Anemia was defined as Hb<11 g/dL on the basis of World Health Organization (WHO) criteria [11].

Serum 25-OH-D3, vitamin B12 and folic acid were determined by using Unicel DxI 800 Access Immunoassay System commercial radioimmunoassay kits. The Biochemistry Diyarbakr Child’s Hospital of Clinical Laboratory of measured the levels of vitamin B12 with original Beckman kits (Beckman Coulter, CA, USA) by the chemiluminescent method on UniCel DXI 800 Access immunoassay device (Beckman Coulter, CA, USA). The recommended reference interval by the manufacturer was 2000 to 900 pg/mL. The cut off points used for serum folic acid were <3 ng/mL for deficiency, 3 to 6 ng/mL for low levels, and >6 ng/mL for normal values. Vitamin B12 deficiency was defined as serum concentration below 200 pg/mL. The following vitamin D cut off values were used to define the respective micronutrient deficiency states: vitamin D deficiency <10 ng/mL, vitamin D insufficiency >10 to ≤ 20 ng/mL [12].

Descriptive statistics are outlined for all variables assessed. Means and SD were calculated for all normally distributed continuous measures including age, vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid and haemoglobinin level. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20. The independent samples T test was used for comparing variance. Pearson correlation was used for comparing means. The significance level was set at p<0.05.

Results

The study sample consisted of 116 children between 24 to 60 months of age. There were almost equal proportions of males (56.9%, n=66) and females (43.1%, n=50). There was no significant difference in the mean age between genders. The mean serum levels of vitamin B12, vitamin D, folic acid and haemoglobinin the study population were 283.6 ± 139.3 pg/mL, 16.5 ± 22.2 ng/mL, 12.8 ± 6.2 ng/mL and 11.8 ± 3.2 g/dL, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency among the children (41.4%), vitamin D insufficiency was prevalent micronutrient deficiency among the children 40.5% and 41.4% of the children had vitamin D deficiency the prevalence of anaemia was marginally (19%). 28 children (24.1%) had vitamin B12 deficiency. 4 children (3,4%) had folic acid deficiency. The levels of serum micronutrient status deficiency prevalence of Vitamin B12 and vitamin D of children were shown in Table 1.

Analytes	Mean ± SD	Deficiency n (%)
Vitamin D (ng/mL)	23.5 ± 8.97	48 (41,4)
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL)	223.1 ± 8.89	28 (24,1)
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	11.6 ± 3.24	22 (19,1)
Folic acid (ng/mL)	26.5 ± 18.4	4 (3,4)

Vitamin D deficiency<10 ng/mL; Haemoglobin<11.0 g/dL; Folic acid deficiency<3 ng/mL; Vitamin B12 deficiency 200 pg/mL

Table 1: Biochemical indices of micronutrient status and deficiency prevalence of the children in the study.

Discussion

The results of this study show that nutritional vitamin D deficiency seems to be an important health problem among the children who are admitted to our hospital. Nearly half of the children have vitamin D deficiency. May be this study is just the tip of the iceberg and we need more comprehensive studies with more subjects. The deficiency of vitamin D is an important problem both in the rural areas and in the East- Southeast regions of our country. It is reported that air pollution can also trigger the deficiency of vitamin D in the cities. According to recent studies air pollution has a devastating impact on ultraviolet effect of the sun. Because of this impact, even the children and adults living in sunny regions may develop the deficiency of vitamin D [13].

In Turkey, it was reported that maternal vitamin D deficiency, prolonged non supplemented breastfeeding, and limited sunlight exposure have been playing major roles in the rising incidence of vitamin D deficiency [14-16]. It was found that 89% of cases who had veiled mothers were exposed to limited sunlight during pregnancy.

Vitamin B12 deficiency has been reported much more common than folate deficiency in underdeveloped countries. Vitamin B12 deficiency constitutes 74% of megaloblastic anaemia in India where folate deficiency is responsible in 8.4% of the patients [17]. In 219 Mexican children aged 18 to 36 months prevalence of deficient and low plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were found to be 8% and 33%, respectively, without any folate deficiency [18]. On the other hand, Garcia- Casal et al. [19] investigated prevalence of folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies in infants, children, adolescents, and pregnant women in Venezuela and found that folate deficiency was higher than 30% for all groups studied, reaching 81.79% in adolescents, and vitamin B12 deficiency was 11.4% in samples collected. The number of studies examining vitamin B12, folate vitamin deficiencies in children in Turkey is limited. In one study performed on children between the ages of 7 and 17 in three regions of Turkey, it was found that the prevalence of folic acid deficiency was 1.6% and while the prevalence of Vitamin B12 was 1.3% in the Central Anatolia region [20]. In a study performed in Southeast Anatolia region, it was determined that the prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency was 10.8%, but no folic acid deficiency was found in children [21]. Additionally, in a province of Southeast Anatolia region, the prevalence of deficiencies of folic acid and Vitamin B12 were found to be 21.8 and 2.2%, respectively between the ages of 12 and 22 [22]. According to the results of our study, the prevalence of folic acid deficiency was determined 1.1% in girls that is similar to the results found in the study performed in Central Anatolia region. The prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency was determined to be 3.8% in boys and 3.3% in girls, which was higher than the prevalence reported in other studies, except for the study performed in Southeast Anatolia region. In our study vitamin B12 deficiency 24.1% and folic acid deficiency 3.4% were found.

Conclusion

In conclusion, although Turkey is located in a sunny region; vitamin D deficiency is still a serious health problem in children and infants, especially among the low socioeconomic status of Turkish population. Vitamin D deficiency is an important health problem among our patients. This shows the importance of the awareness of vitamin D deficiency in our population. Screening and early treatment for vitamin D deficiency will prevent development of serious problems in children. This study showed that, despite a sunny environment, vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are highly prevalent among 24 to 60 months children. This is generally due to the life style and nutritional status. These findings suggest that much more effective vitamin D prophylaxis programs should be implemented for infants as well as for 24 to 60 months children.

Acknowledgements

We thank all paediatrician who work our hospital, for great support this study. Authors would like to thank the Ethical Committee for granting approval, and the technical staff for their skilled assistance.

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