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- (2013) Volume 5, Issue 2

Indigenous Herbal Plants used by tribes of Rajasthan; Improving Sexual Performance and Problem of Sexuality

Gupta R.B.1*, Ahuja A.2, Sharma N .1, Kabra M.P.1
  1. Kota College of Pharmacy, Kota (Raj.)
  2. Arya College of Pharmacy, Jaipur (Raj.)
Corresponding Author: Gupta Raman Bihari Kota College of Pharmacy,Kota (Raj.) Email: ramankcp@rediffmail.com
Received:10 March 2013 Accepted: 19 March 2013
Citation: Gupta R.B.*, Ahuja A, Sharma N, Kabra M. P “Indigenous Herbal Plants used by tribes of Rajasthan; Improving Sexual Performance and Problem of Sexuality” Int. J. Drug Dev. & Res., April-
June 2013, 5(2): 40-46.
Copyright: © 2013 IJDDR, Gupta Raman Bihari et al. This is an open access paper distributed under the copyright agreement with Serials Publication, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Abstract

The aim of present study was to summaries the literature on medicinal plants prepared by survey on indigenous knowledge of tribes of Rajasthan on traditional medicinal plants used by them for improving their sexual performance and problem associated with sexuality. A total of 88 medicinal plants mentioned by botanist in their survey reports based on their informal and formal discussions, field visits and focused semistructured interviews with tribes of Rajasthan. Medicinal plants having potential to influence components of male sexual response cycle and treating disease associated with them are compiled by their botanical name, family, common name and parts used . Some of them are scientifically already explored while others clinical and pharmacological investigations are yet to be performed.

References

  1. 1) Tripathi YC, Prabhu V V, Pal R S and Mishra RN.Medicinal plants of Rajasthan in Indian system of medicine. 1996;3: 190- 212.
  2. 2) A Anders. Sexual motivation-An inquiry into events determining the occurrence of sexual behavior behavioural brain research 1999;105:129-150.
  3. 3) Yakubu MT, Akanji M A, and Oladiji AT. Male sexual dysfunction and methods used in Assessing Medicinal Plants with Aphrodisiac Potentials, Pharmacognosy Reviews, 2007; 1(1): 49-56.
  4. 4) Kandeel FR, Koussa VKT and Swerdloff RS. Male sexual function and its disorders: physiology, path physiology, clinical investigation and, Treatment, Endocrine Reviews, 2001; 22(3): 342-388.
  5. 5) Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, Krane RJ and McKinlay JB. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study, Journal of Urology, 1994; 151: 5461.
  6. 6) Guay AT, Spark RF, Bansal S, Cunningham GR, Goodman NF, Nankin HR, Petak SM and Perez JB. American association of clinical endocrinologist, Medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of male sexual dysfunction, A couple’s problem, Endocrine Practice, 2003; 9 (1): 78-95.
  7. 7) Montorsi F, Salonia A, Dehaf CA, Guazzoni G, Rigatti P and Steef C. Pharmacological management of erectile dysfunction, British Journal of Urology, 2003; 8: 211-216.
  8. 8) Thakur M, Chauhan NS, Bhargava S and Dixit VK. A Comparative Study on Aphrodisiac Activity of Some Ayurvedic Herbs in Male Albino Rats, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2009; 38 6: 1009-1015.
  9. 9) Mishra DK and Dr Shukla JK, trading of medicinal plants in Rajasthan. Available at URL//www.afri.res.in (Accessed on 12/1/13)
  10. 10) K Ashwani. Important medicinal plants from different regions of Rajastha at Available at URL//www.science20.com (Accessed on 12/1/13)
  11. 11) Pallavi KJ, Singh R, Singh S, Singh K, Mamta F , Vinod S. Aphrodisiac agents from Medicinal Plants: A Review J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2011;3(2):911-921
  12. 12) Paiwan S, Kanokporn S, Supap S and Songkiet S. Effect of Kaempferia par viflora Wall. Ex. Baker onSexual Activity of Male Rats and its Toxicity. Southeast asian j trop med public health. Vol. 37 (suppl 3) .210-215
  13. 13) Hu G, Lu Y, Mao R, Wei D, Ma Zhengzhia Z H. Aphrodisiac properties of Allium tuberosum seeds extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2009;122: 579582
  14. 14) Ratnasooriya W D, Fernando T S P. Effect of black tea brew of Camellia sinensis on sexual competence of male rats Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008; 373377
  15. 15) Sharma V, Thakur M, Chauhan N S, Dixit V K. Evaluation of the Anabolic, Aphrodisiac and Reproductive Activity of Anacyclus Pyrethrum DC in Male Rats. Sci Pharm. 2009; 77: 97110
  16. 16) Musa T Y, Musbau A. Androgenic potentials of aqueous extract of Massularia acuminata (G. Don) Bullock ex Hoyl. stem in male Wistar rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 118:2008:508513
  17. 17) Ramachandran S, Sridhar Y, Kishore G S . Aphrodisiac activity of Butea frondosa Koen. Roxb. extract in male rats. Phytomedicine 2004;11: 165 168
  18. 18) Javeed A W, Rajeshwara N. Achur, Nema R K. Phytochemical Screening and Aphrodisiac Activity of Asparagus Racemosus. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2011; 3(2): 112-115
  19. 19) Javeed A W, Rajeshwara N. Achur Nema R K. Phytochemical Screening and Aphrodisiac Property of Tinospora cordifolia. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2011; 3(2): 21-26
  20. 20) Hosseinzadeha H, Ziaeeb T, Sadeghi A. The effect of saffron, Crocus sativus stigma, extract and its constituents, safranal and crocin on sexual behaviors in normal male rats .Phytomedicine 2008; 15:491495
  21. 21) Gunasekaran B, Muralidharan P, Satyanarayana.P .Aphrodisiac activity and curative effects of Pedalium murex (L.) against ethanol-induced infertility in male rats. Turk J Biol 2010;34:153-163
  22. 22) Subramoniam A, Madhavachandran V, Rajasekharan S, and Pushpangadan P., Aphrodisiac property of Trichopus zeylanicus extract in male mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.1997; 57: 21 27
  23. 23) Zamble´ A, Sahpaza S, Brunetb C, and Bailleul .Effects of Microdesmis keayana roots on sexual behavior of male rats Phytomedicine 2008;15: 625 629.

Key words

Sexual problems, Sexual dysfunction, Orgasm disorders

INTRODUCTION:

Rajasthan have geographic area of 342,239 square kilometers, has become geographically the largest state in India acquiring almost 11% of the total Geographical area of India, Located at 23º30´ and 30º 11’ North latitude and 69º 29’ and 78º 17’ East longitude. Adjacent to west and northwest to the boundaries of Pakistan, Rajasthan is surrounded by the states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh in north and north east, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, in its east and south east, and by the state of Gujarat in south west. The huge portion of land is acquired by the biggest Indian desert The Thar Desert also known as Maru-Kantar. The oldest range of mountains the Aravalli mountain separates them into two zones the desert zone on one side and forest on the other. Mount Abu is the hilly visiting destination in the state and Gurushikhar as the highest peak of Arvalli range of mountains. [1]
Rajasthan is blessed with all three features of mountains, plateaus and plains. In wider terms the topography of Rajasthan can be divided into three main broad categories the Aravalli or the Hilly regions, the Thar and the other arid regions, the Plateaus of Vindhaya and the Malwa, the Fertile plains in the Mewar, the Forest Regions and the Water resources including Rivers and Salt Lakes. Rajasthan has rich biodiversity consisting of a large number of plants, some of which are used for their medicinal value. In present study, we referred different ethno botanical survey conducted by ethno botanist to congregate the medicinal plant used for improving male sexual performance. [2]

Male Sexual problems

Sexual dysfunction can be a result of a physical or psychological problem.
• Physical causes: Many physical and/or medical conditions can cause problems with sexual function. These conditions include diabetes, heart and vascular (blood vessel) disease, neurological disorders, hormonal imbalances, chronic diseases such as kidney or liver failure, and alcoholism and drug abuse. In addition, the side effects of certain medications, including some antidepressant drugs, can affect sexual desire and function.
• Psychological causes: These include workrelated stress and anxiety, concern about sexual performance, marital or relationship problems, depression, feelings of guilt, and the effects of a past sexual trauma.

Sexual dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction including desire, arousal or orgasm. A thorough sexual history and assessment of general health and other sexual problems (if any) are very important. Assessing (performance) anxiety, guilt, stress and worry are integral to the optimal management of sexual dysfunction. When a sexual problem is managed inappropriately or sub-optimally, it is very likely that the condition will subside immediately but re-emerge after a while.

Categories

Sexual dysfunction disorders may be classified into four categories:

a) Sexual desire disorders

b) Arousal disorders

c) Orgasm disorders

d) Pain disorders

Sexual desire disorders:

Sexual desire disorders or decreased libido are characterized by a lack or absence for some period of time of sexual desire or libido for sexual activity or of sexual fantasies. The condition ranges from a general lack of sexual desire to a lack of sexual desire for the current partner. The condition may have started after a period of normal sexual functioning or the person may always have had no/low sexual desire.
The causes vary considerably, but include a possible decrease in the production of normal estrogen in women or testosterone in both men and women. Other causes may be aging, fatigue, pregnancy, medications or psychiatric conditions, such as depression and anxiety.[3]

Sexual arousal disorders:

Sexual arousal disorders were previously known as frigidity in women and impotence in men, though these have now been replaced with less judgmental terms. Impotence is now known as erectile dysfunction, and frigidity has been replaced with a number of terms describing specific problems with, for example, desire or arousal.
For both men and women, these conditions can manifest themselves as an aversion to, and avoidance of, sexual contact with a partner. In men, there may be partial or complete failure to attain or maintain an erection, or a lack of sexual excitement and pleasure in sexual activity.
There may be medical causes to these disorders, such as decreased blood flow or lack of vaginal lubrication. Chronic disease can also contribute, as well as the nature of the relationship between the partners.

Erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction or impotence is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis. There are various underlying causes, such as damage to the nervi erigentes which prevents or delays erection, or diabetes as well as cardiovascular disease, which simply decreases blood flow to the tissue in the penis, many of which are medically reversible.
The causes of erectile dysfunction may be psychological or physical. Psychological erectile dysfunction can often be helped by almost anything that the patient believes in; there is a very strong placebo effect. Physical damage is much more severe. One leading physical cause of ED is continual or severe damage taken to the nervi erigentes. These nerves course beside the prostate arising from the sacral plexus and can be damaged in prostatic and colo-rectal surgeries. Due to its embarrassing nature and the shame felt by sufferers, the subject was taboo for a long time, and is the subject of many urban legends. Folk remedies have long been advocated, with some being advertised widely since the 1930s. The introduction of perhaps the first pharmacologically effective remedy for impotence, sildenafil . in the 1990s caused a wave of public attention, propelled in part by the news-worthiness of stories about it and heavy advertising. It is estimated that around 30 million men in the United States suffer from Erectile Dysfunction.[4] However, social stigma, low health literacy and social taboos lead to under reporting which makes an accurate prevalence rate hard to determine. The Latin term impotentia coeundi describes simple inability to insert the penis into the vagina. It is now mostly replaced by more precise terms.

Premature Ejaculation

Premature ejaculation is when ejaculation occurs before the partner achieves orgasm, or a mutually satisfactory length of time has passed during intercourse. There is no correct length of time for intercourse to last, but generally, premature ejaculation is thought to occur when ejaculation occurs in under two minutes from the time of the insertion of the penis.[5] For a diagnosis, the patient must have a chronic history of premature ejaculation, poor ejaculatory control, and the problem must cause feelings of dissatisfaction as well as distress the patient, the partner or both.[6]
Historically attributed to psychological causes, new theories suggest that premature ejaculation may have an underlying neurobiological cause which may lead to rapid ejaculation.[7]

Orgasm disorders:

Orgasm disorders are persistent delays or absence of orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase. The disorder can have physical, psychological, or pharmacological origins. SSRI antidepressants are a common pharmaceutical culprit, as they can delay orgasm or eliminate it entirely.

Sexual pain disorders

Sexual pain disorders affect women almost exclusively and are also known as dyspareunia (painful intercourse) or vaginismus (an involuntary spasm of the muscles of the vaginal wall that interferes with intercourse). Dyspareunia may be caused by insufficient lubrication (vaginal dryness) in women. Poor lubrication may result from insufficient excitement and stimulation, or from hormonal changes caused by menopause, pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Irritation from contraceptive creams and foams can also cause dryness, as can fear and anxiety about sex. It is unclear exactly what causes vaginismus, but it is thought that past sexual trauma (such as rape or abuse) may play a role. Another female sexual pain disorder is called vulvodynia or vulvar vestibulitis. In this condition, women experience burning pain during sex which seems to be related to problems with the skin in the vulvar and vaginal areas.

Uncommon sexual disorders in men

Erectile dysfunction from vascular disease is usually seen only amongst elderly individuals who have atherosclerosis. Vascular disease is common in individuals who have diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension and those who smoke. Any time blood flow to the penis is impaired, erectile dysfunction is the end result. Hormone deficiency is a relatively rare cause of erectile dysfunction. In individuals with testicular failure like in Klinefelter's syndrome, or those who have had radiation therapy, chemotherapy or childhood exposure to mumps virus, the testes may fail and not produce testosterone. Other hormonal causes of erectile failure include brain tumors, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism or disorders of the adrenal gland.[7] Structural abnormalities of the penis like Peyronie's disease can make sexual intercourse difficult. The disease is characterized by thick fibrous bands in the penis which leads to a deformed-looking penis.[8] Drugs are also a cause of erectile dysfunction. Individuals who take drugs to lower blood pressure, uses antipsychotics, antidepressants, sedatives, narcotics, antacids or alcohol can have problems with sexual function and loss of libido.[9] Priapism is a painful erection that occurs for several hours and occurs in the absence of sexual stimulation. This condition develops when blood gets trapped in the penis and is unable to drain out. If the condition is not promptly treated, it can lead to severe scarring and permanent loss of erectile function. The disorder occurs in young men and children. Individuals with sickle-cell disease and those who abuse certain medications can often develop this disorder.[10-11]

DISCUSSION:

Most of the natural plants in this review are those with aphrodisiac potentials. In this review some medicinal plants are used in ayurvedic formulations as aphrodisiac potentials to enhance performance as well as to increase vigor and vitality. Herbals drugs have a potential to treat the various types of body ailments.[13] The efficacy of some medicinal plants like used by tribal of Rajasthan has been proved by modern medicine like Asparagus racemosus, Mucuna pruriens, Tribulus terrestris, Withania somnifera, however most remain largely unexamined. In view of the wide range of medicinal plant and their traditional claim related to the treatment and management of male sexual performance, it is imperative that more clinical and pharmacological studies should be conducted to investigate unexploited potential of this traditional knowledge. [14]

CONCULSION:

The search for natural supplement from medicinal plants is being intensified probably because of its fewer side effects, its ready availability and less cost. All the plants in this review may have significant pharmacological activity. The herbs can be effective aphrodisiacs; moreover, isolation and identification of active constituents from plants may bring a dynamic change in the modern world. Many of the plant materials showed positive aphrodisiac activities in animals. For the determination of the safety and effectiveness of these substances for sexual enhancement it is necessary to test pre-clinically in animals and clinically in human being before consuming the drug. Further studies are also needed to check.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

A special gratitude to Dr (Prof.) Hemlata Gupta Govt. College Kota for her supports in collection of plants list find in Rajasthan.

Tables at a glance

Table icon
Table 1
6717

References

  1. 1) Tripathi YC, Prabhu V V, Pal R S and Mishra RN.Medicinal plants of Rajasthan in Indian system of medicine. 1996;3: 190- 212.
  2. 2) A Anders. Sexual motivation-An inquiry into events determining the occurrence of sexual behavior behavioural brain research 1999;105:129-150.
  3. 3) Yakubu MT, Akanji M A, and Oladiji AT. Male sexual dysfunction and methods used in Assessing Medicinal Plants with Aphrodisiac Potentials, Pharmacognosy Reviews, 2007; 1(1): 49-56.
  4. 4) Kandeel FR, Koussa VKT and Swerdloff RS. Male sexual function and its disorders: physiology, path physiology, clinical investigation and, Treatment, Endocrine Reviews, 2001; 22(3): 342-388.
  5. 5) Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, Krane RJ and McKinlay JB. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study, Journal of Urology, 1994; 151: 5461.
  6. 6) Guay AT, Spark RF, Bansal S, Cunningham GR, Goodman NF, Nankin HR, Petak SM and Perez JB. American association of clinical endocrinologist, Medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of male sexual dysfunction, A couple’s problem, Endocrine Practice, 2003; 9 (1): 78-95.
  7. 7) Montorsi F, Salonia A, Dehaf CA, Guazzoni G, Rigatti P and Steef C. Pharmacological management of erectile dysfunction, British Journal of Urology, 2003; 8: 211-216.
  8. 8) Thakur M, Chauhan NS, Bhargava S and Dixit VK. A Comparative Study on Aphrodisiac Activity of Some Ayurvedic Herbs in Male Albino Rats, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2009; 38 6: 1009-1015.
  9. 9) Mishra DK and Dr Shukla JK, trading of medicinal plants in Rajasthan. Available at URL//www.afri.res.in (Accessed on 12/1/13)
  10. 10) K Ashwani. Important medicinal plants from different regions of Rajastha at Available at URL//www.science20.com (Accessed on 12/1/13)
  11. 11) Pallavi KJ, Singh R, Singh S, Singh K, Mamta F , Vinod S. Aphrodisiac agents from Medicinal Plants: A Review J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2011;3(2):911-921
  12. 12) Paiwan S, Kanokporn S, Supap S and Songkiet S. Effect of Kaempferia par viflora Wall. Ex. Baker onSexual Activity of Male Rats and its Toxicity. Southeast asian j trop med public health. Vol. 37 (suppl 3) .210-215
  13. 13) Hu G, Lu Y, Mao R, Wei D, Ma Zhengzhia Z H. Aphrodisiac properties of Allium tuberosum seeds extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2009;122: 579582
  14. 14) Ratnasooriya W D, Fernando T S P. Effect of black tea brew of Camellia sinensis on sexual competence of male rats Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008; 373377
  15. 15) Sharma V, Thakur M, Chauhan N S, Dixit V K. Evaluation of the Anabolic, Aphrodisiac and Reproductive Activity of Anacyclus Pyrethrum DC in Male Rats. Sci Pharm. 2009; 77: 97110
  16. 16) Musa T Y, Musbau A. Androgenic potentials of aqueous extract of Massularia acuminata (G. Don) Bullock ex Hoyl. stem in male Wistar rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 118:2008:508513
  17. 17) Ramachandran S, Sridhar Y, Kishore G S . Aphrodisiac activity of Butea frondosa Koen. Roxb. extract in male rats. Phytomedicine 2004;11: 165 168
  18. 18) Javeed A W, Rajeshwara N. Achur, Nema R K. Phytochemical Screening and Aphrodisiac Activity of Asparagus Racemosus. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2011; 3(2): 112-115
  19. 19) Javeed A W, Rajeshwara N. Achur Nema R K. Phytochemical Screening and Aphrodisiac Property of Tinospora cordifolia. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2011; 3(2): 21-26
  20. 20) Hosseinzadeha H, Ziaeeb T, Sadeghi A. The effect of saffron, Crocus sativus stigma, extract and its constituents, safranal and crocin on sexual behaviors in normal male rats .Phytomedicine 2008; 15:491495
  21. 21) Gunasekaran B, Muralidharan P, Satyanarayana.P .Aphrodisiac activity and curative effects of Pedalium murex (L.) against ethanol-induced infertility in male rats. Turk J Biol 2010;34:153-163
  22. 22) Subramoniam A, Madhavachandran V, Rajasekharan S, and Pushpangadan P., Aphrodisiac property of Trichopus zeylanicus extract in male mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.1997; 57: 21 27
  23. 23) Zamble´ A, Sahpaza S, Brunetb C, and Bailleul .Effects of Microdesmis keayana roots on sexual behavior of male rats Phytomedicine 2008;15: 625 629.